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realize the realities/en

  • 1 realize the realities

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > realize the realities

  • 2 realize the realities

    English-Russian military dictionary > realize the realities

  • 3 realize the realities

    English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > realize the realities

  • 4 realize

    1. v осуществить, выполнить, реализовать; претворить в жизнь
    2. v представлять себе; понимать, осознавать

    I realize how it was done — я представляю себе, как это было сделано

    3. v делать ясным, живым, наглядным
    4. v ком. реализовать, превращать в деньги, продавать

    to realize securities — реализовать ценные бумаги, превратить ценные бумаги в деньги

    5. v ком. выручить; получить
    6. v ком. принести; быть проданным
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. actualise (verb) actualise; actualize; complete; effect; effectuate; fulfill; perfect; perform
    2. gain (verb) accomplish; achieve; attain; gain; rack up; reach; score; win
    3. pay (verb) acquire; bring in; clear; draw; earn; gross; net; obtain; pay; produce; profit; receive; repay; return; yield
    4. realise (verb) materialise; realise
    5. think (verb) envisage; envision; fancy; feature; image; imagine; project; see; think; vision; visualize
    6. understand (verb) apprehend; comprehend; conceive; discern; fathom; grasp; perceive; recognise; recognize; understand
    Антонимический ряд:
    begin; lose; misunderstand

    English-Russian base dictionary > realize

  • 5 осознавать

    1. aware
    2. apperceive
    3. awake
    4. realize
    Синонимический ряд:
    понимать (глаг.) брать в толк; осмысливать; понимать; постигать; разгадывать; раскумекивать; раскусывать; расчухивать; уразумевать; уяснять

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > осознавать

  • 6 осознавать

    1. realize
    2. realizing

    Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > осознавать

  • 7 осознавать реальность

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > осознавать реальность

  • 8 осознать реальность

    2) Makarov: drive home reality

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > осознать реальность

  • 9 realidad

    f.
    1 reality (mundo real).
    realidad virtual virtual reality
    2 truth.
    en realidad actually, in fact
    hacerse realidad to come true
    * * *
    1 reality
    \
    en realidad actually, in fact
    la realidad es que... the fact of the matter is that...
    * * *
    noun f.
    reality, fact
    * * *

    en realidad — in fact, actually

    la realidad es que... — the fact (of the matter) is that...

    * * *
    femenino reality

    la realidad paraguaya — the reality of life o of the situation in Paraguay

    en realidad — in reality, actually

    * * *
    = reality, actuality.
    Ex. However, the reality is that these processes are often associated with the creation of input to a computer system.
    Ex. By comparing this informal communication network with the formal organization chart one can see how close the fit between actuality and theory is.
    ----
    * afrontar la realidad = face + reality, confront + reality.
    * alejarse de la realidad = stray from + reality.
    * apartarse de la realidad = stray from + reality.
    * basado en la realidad = reality-based.
    * convertirse en realidad = become + a reality.
    * cruda realidad = stark reality.
    * desde el punto de vista de la realidad = factually.
    * deseo + hacerse realidad = wish + come true.
    * despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.
    * dura realidad = fact of life, harsh reality.
    * en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.
    * enfrentarse a la realidad = confront + reality, face + (the) facts, face + reality.
    * enfrentarse a la realidad (de que) = face + (up to) the fact that, face + the truth (that).
    * en la realidad = in reality, in actual practice, in reality.
    * en realidad = actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, in truth, to all intents and purposes, in point of fact, in actuality, in a very real sense, in actual practice, in actual fact, for all intents and purposes, for that matter, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in all reality.
    * escapar de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * escape de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * evadir la realidad = escape + reality.
    * evadirse de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * evasión de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * hacer Algo realidad = make + Nombre + come true.
    * hacer frente a la realidad = confront + reality, face + (the) facts, face + (up to) the fact that, face + reality.
    * hacer frente a la realidad (de que) = face + the truth (that).
    * hacer que algo sea una realidad = realise + opportunity.
    * hacer realidad = fulfil [fulfill, -USA], realise [realize, -USA], make + good.
    * hacer realidad Algo = make + Nombre + a reality.
    * hacer realidad las posibilidades de Algo = unleash + Posesivo + potential.
    * hacer realidad una aspiración = make + vision + a reality, realise + vision, fulfil + vision.
    * hacer realidad una idea = follow through on/with + Posesivo + idea.
    * hacer realidad un deseo = fulfil + Posesivo + wish.
    * hacer realidad un sueño = realise + dream, fulfil + dream, make + vision + a reality, realise + vision, fulfil + vision, make + Posesivo + dream come true.
    * hacerse realidad = materialise [materialize, -USA], come to + full flower, become + a reality, happen, come + true.
    * huida de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * huir de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * la realidad es que = the fact remains that..., fact is, the fact is (that).
    * la triste realidad es que = the sad fact is (that).
    * nada + estar + más apartado de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada + estar + más lejos de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada puede estar más alejado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.
    * nada puede estar más apartado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.
    * parecido a la realidad = lifelike [life-like].
    * perder contacto con la realidad = lose + touch with reality.
    * pérdida de contacto con la realidad = loss of touch with reality.
    * plasmar una idea en la realidad = translate + idea into + reality.
    * profecía que se hace realidad = self-fulfilling prophecy.
    * propuesta + hacerse realidad = proposal + materialise.
    * pura realidad = stark reality.
    * realidad virtual = virtual reality.
    * realidad virtual en pantalla grande = big-screen reality.
    * separar la realidad de la ficción = distinguish + fact from fiction.
    * ser una realidad = be a fact of life, be a reality.
    * similar a la realidad = lifelike [life-like].
    * sórdida realidad = shabby reality.
    * sueño + hacerse realidad = dream + come true.
    * triste realidad = fact of life.
    * triste realidad, la = sad truth, the.
    * un sueño hecho realidad = a dream come true.
    * * *
    femenino reality

    la realidad paraguaya — the reality of life o of the situation in Paraguay

    en realidad — in reality, actually

    * * *
    = reality, actuality.

    Ex: However, the reality is that these processes are often associated with the creation of input to a computer system.

    Ex: By comparing this informal communication network with the formal organization chart one can see how close the fit between actuality and theory is.
    * afrontar la realidad = face + reality, confront + reality.
    * alejarse de la realidad = stray from + reality.
    * apartarse de la realidad = stray from + reality.
    * basado en la realidad = reality-based.
    * convertirse en realidad = become + a reality.
    * cruda realidad = stark reality.
    * desde el punto de vista de la realidad = factually.
    * deseo + hacerse realidad = wish + come true.
    * despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.
    * dura realidad = fact of life, harsh reality.
    * en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.
    * enfrentarse a la realidad = confront + reality, face + (the) facts, face + reality.
    * enfrentarse a la realidad (de que) = face + (up to) the fact that, face + the truth (that).
    * en la realidad = in reality, in actual practice, in reality.
    * en realidad = actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, in truth, to all intents and purposes, in point of fact, in actuality, in a very real sense, in actual practice, in actual fact, for all intents and purposes, for that matter, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in all reality.
    * escapar de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * escape de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * evadir la realidad = escape + reality.
    * evadirse de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * evasión de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * hacer Algo realidad = make + Nombre + come true.
    * hacer frente a la realidad = confront + reality, face + (the) facts, face + (up to) the fact that, face + reality.
    * hacer frente a la realidad (de que) = face + the truth (that).
    * hacer que algo sea una realidad = realise + opportunity.
    * hacer realidad = fulfil [fulfill, -USA], realise [realize, -USA], make + good.
    * hacer realidad Algo = make + Nombre + a reality.
    * hacer realidad las posibilidades de Algo = unleash + Posesivo + potential.
    * hacer realidad una aspiración = make + vision + a reality, realise + vision, fulfil + vision.
    * hacer realidad una idea = follow through on/with + Posesivo + idea.
    * hacer realidad un deseo = fulfil + Posesivo + wish.
    * hacer realidad un sueño = realise + dream, fulfil + dream, make + vision + a reality, realise + vision, fulfil + vision, make + Posesivo + dream come true.
    * hacerse realidad = materialise [materialize, -USA], come to + full flower, become + a reality, happen, come + true.
    * huida de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * huir de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * la realidad es que = the fact remains that..., fact is, the fact is (that).
    * la triste realidad es que = the sad fact is (that).
    * nada + estar + más apartado de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada + estar + más lejos de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada puede estar más alejado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.
    * nada puede estar más apartado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.
    * parecido a la realidad = lifelike [life-like].
    * perder contacto con la realidad = lose + touch with reality.
    * pérdida de contacto con la realidad = loss of touch with reality.
    * plasmar una idea en la realidad = translate + idea into + reality.
    * profecía que se hace realidad = self-fulfilling prophecy.
    * propuesta + hacerse realidad = proposal + materialise.
    * pura realidad = stark reality.
    * realidad virtual = virtual reality.
    * realidad virtual en pantalla grande = big-screen reality.
    * separar la realidad de la ficción = distinguish + fact from fiction.
    * ser una realidad = be a fact of life, be a reality.
    * similar a la realidad = lifelike [life-like].
    * sórdida realidad = shabby reality.
    * sueño + hacerse realidad = dream + come true.
    * triste realidad = fact of life.
    * triste realidad, la = sad truth, the.
    * un sueño hecho realidad = a dream come true.

    * * *
    reality
    ésa es la dura realidad that is the harsh reality of the matter
    la realidad paraguaya the reality of life o of the situation in Paraguay
    tendrán que hacer frente a la realidad they will have to face up to reality
    en realidad in reality, actually
    * * *

     

    realidad sustantivo femenino
    reality;
    ◊ la realidad paraguaya the reality of life o of the situation in Paraguay;

    esa es la dura realidad those are the harsh facts;
    en realidad in reality, actually
    realidad sustantivo femenino
    1 reality
    realidad virtual, virtual reality
    2 (hecho cierto, circunstancia clave) fact, truth: la realidad es que tú no estabas allí, the fact is that you weren't there
    ♦ Locuciones: en realidad, in fact, actually

    ' realidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    coraza
    - cruda
    - crudo
    - deformar
    - desengañar
    - desengañarse
    - desvirtuar
    - distorsionar
    - realmente
    - relumbrón
    - aproximar
    - asidero
    - ciego
    - desfigurar
    - enfrentar
    - evadir
    - falsear
    - frente
    - hecho
    - responder
    - retratar
    - triste
    - vano
    English:
    actually
    - come
    - delicate
    - dream
    - effect
    - fact
    - materialize
    - matter
    - practice
    - practise
    - propose
    - reality
    - really
    - stark
    - take off
    - true
    - virtual
    - wake up
    - wish
    - achieve
    - actual
    - for
    - fulfill
    - realize
    - when
    * * *
    1. [mundo real] reality
    Informát realidad virtual virtual reality
    2. [situación] reality;
    la realidad social de hoy en día today's social reality
    3. [verdad] truth;
    la realidad es que me odia the fact is, she hates me;
    en realidad actually, in fact;
    parece tímido, cuando en realidad no lo es he seems shy, but actually he isn't;
    hacerse realidad to come true;
    aspira a convertir en realidad sus sueños she is hoping to make her dreams come true
    * * *
    f reality;
    en realidad in fact, in reality
    * * *
    1) : reality
    2)
    en realidad : in truth, actually
    * * *
    realidad n reality

    Spanish-English dictionary > realidad

  • 10 осознать

    1. awake

    осознать тот факт, что … — to awake to the fact that …

    2. realize
    Синонимический ряд:
    понять (глаг.) взять в толк; осмыслить; понять; постигнуть; постичь; разгадать; раскумекать; раскусить; расчухать; уразуметь; уяснить

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > осознать

  • 11 действителност

    reality, realities, life; scene
    в действителност in reality/fact/effect, in real life
    българска действителност Bulgarian life/realities, the Bulgarian scene
    съвременната действителност modern conditions/life, the contemporary scene
    (не) държа сметка за действителността take (no) account of realities
    правя разлика между действителност и фантазия distinguish fact from fiction
    превръщам... в действителност convert/translate... into reality, realize
    ставам действителност become a reality, be realized
    * * *
    действѝтелност,
    ж., само ед. reality, realities, life; factuality, factualness; scene; бивам върнат към \действителността suffer a rude awakening; бягам от \действителността avoid reality; в \действителност in reality/fact/effect, effectually, in real life; както си е в \действителност as it really is; не бягам от \действителността face realities; (не) държа сметка за \действителността take (no) account of realities; правя разлика между \действителност и фантазия distinguish fact from fiction; превръщам … в \действителност convert/translate … into reality, realize; сурова \действителност harsh realities; съвременната \действителност modern conditions/life, the contemporary scene.
    * * *
    actuality ; deed {di;d}; fact ; real ; reality: harsh действителностies - сурова действителност; substance
    * * *
    1. (не) държа сметка за ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТта take (no) account of realities 2. reality, realities, life;scene 3. бивам върнат към ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТта suffer a rude awakening 4. българска ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ Bulgarian life/realities, the Bulgarian scene 5. бягам от ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТта avoid reality 6. в ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ in reality/fact/ effect, in real life 7. както си е вДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТas it really is 8. не бягам от ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТта face realities 9. правя разлика между ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ и фантазия distinguish fact from fiction 10. превръщам... в ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ convert/translate... into reality, realize 11. ставам ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ become a reality, be realized 12. сурова ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ harsh realities 13. съвременната ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ modern conditions/life, the contemporary scene

    Български-английски речник > действителност

  • 12 hacer caso omiso

    (v.) = disregard, brush aside, go + unheeded, fall on + deaf ears, meet + deaf ears, thumb + Posesivo + nose at, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fly in + the face of, push aside
    Ex. Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.
    Ex. This paper discusses ways in which library staff become demotivated, including rigid hierarchies, ignoring staff, brushing aside suggestions, and claiming credit for their ideas.
    Ex. Despite all the evidence of bibliographic progress in the country during the 19th century, the expressed call for a form of national bibliographical control went unheeded.
    Ex. I realize that our pleas are no doubt continuing to fall on deaf ears at Thomson.
    Ex. The same argument on the part of librarians met deaf ears.
    Ex. America is criminalizing those who object to its military plans, and is thumbing its nose at the Geneva Convention.
    Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex. If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.
    Ex. She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    * * *
    (v.) = disregard, brush aside, go + unheeded, fall on + deaf ears, meet + deaf ears, thumb + Posesivo + nose at, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fly in + the face of, push aside

    Ex: Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.

    Ex: This paper discusses ways in which library staff become demotivated, including rigid hierarchies, ignoring staff, brushing aside suggestions, and claiming credit for their ideas.
    Ex: Despite all the evidence of bibliographic progress in the country during the 19th century, the expressed call for a form of national bibliographical control went unheeded.
    Ex: I realize that our pleas are no doubt continuing to fall on deaf ears at Thomson.
    Ex: The same argument on the part of librarians met deaf ears.
    Ex: America is criminalizing those who object to its military plans, and is thumbing its nose at the Geneva Convention.
    Ex: International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex: If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.
    Ex: She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hacer caso omiso

  • 13 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 14 envisage

    1. v предусматривать, намечать

    to envisage changes — предусматривать, перемены, намечать изменения

    a programme envisaged by the government — программа, намеченная правительством

    2. v предвидеть
    3. v смотреть в лицо
    4. v представлять себе
    Синонимический ряд:
    think (verb) conceive; envision; fancy; feature; image; imagine; project; realise; realize; see; see in the mind's eye; think; vision; visualise; visualize

    English-Russian base dictionary > envisage

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